Why does Java switch on contiguous ints appear to run faster with added cases?
我正在研究一些Java代码,这些代码需要高度优化,因为它将运行在我的主程序逻辑中许多点调用的热函数中。此代码的一部分涉及到将
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 | double multiplyByPowerOfTen(final double d, final int exponent) { switch (exponent) { case 0: return d; case 1: return d*10; case 2: return d*100; // ... same pattern case 9: return d*1000000000; case 10: return d*10000000000L; // ... same pattern with long literals case 18: return d*1000000000000000000L; default: throw new ParseException("Unhandled power of ten" + power, 0); } } |
上面的注释省略号表示
在百灵鸟上,我尝试添加更多的
这些是我从随机生成的
那么,这是怎么回事?我的架构或微基准结构有些变幻莫测?或者说,Java EDCOX1 4在EDCOX1 11中对EDCOX1的39执行EDCOX1 6的范围比从EDCOX1(41)到EDCOX1(42)那么快得多吗?
Github测试报告"开关实验"
更新:我对Benchmarking库进行了相当大的清理,并在/results中添加了一个文本文件,其中一些输出可能涉及更广泛的
更新2:从2009年的xkcd论坛上找到了一些关于这个问题的非常好的讨论:http://forums.xkcd.com/viewtopic.php?F=11&T=33524。OP关于使用
正如另一个答案所指出的,由于case值是连续的(而不是稀疏的),为您的各种测试生成的字节码使用一个交换表(字节码指令
然而,一旦JIT开始工作并将字节码编译成汇编,
对由JIT(Hotspot JDK 1.7)生成的程序集进行反编译表明,如果存在17个或更少的情况,则使用一系列if/else;如果存在18个以上的情况,则使用一组指针(更高效)。
使用这个数字18的原因似乎是由于
我在热点编译器列表中提出了这个问题,它似乎是过去测试的遗留问题。注意,在执行了更多的基准测试之后,这个默认值已经在JDK8中被删除了。
最后,当方法变得太长(在我的测试中超过25个案例)时,它就不再与默认的JVM设置内联了——这是导致性能下降的最可能原因。
对于5个案例,反编译代码如下(注意cmp/je/jg/jmp指令,if/goto的程序集):
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 | [Verified Entry Point] # {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1' # parm0: xmm0:xmm0 = double # parm1: rdx = int # [sp+0x20] (sp of caller) 0x00000000024f0160: mov DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax ; {no_reloc} 0x00000000024f0167: push rbp 0x00000000024f0168: sub rsp,0x10 ;*synchronization entry ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56) 0x00000000024f016c: cmp edx,0x3 0x00000000024f016f: je 0x00000000024f01c3 0x00000000024f0171: cmp edx,0x3 0x00000000024f0174: jg 0x00000000024f01a5 0x00000000024f0176: cmp edx,0x1 0x00000000024f0179: je 0x00000000024f019b 0x00000000024f017b: cmp edx,0x1 0x00000000024f017e: jg 0x00000000024f0191 0x00000000024f0180: test edx,edx 0x00000000024f0182: je 0x00000000024f01cb 0x00000000024f0184: mov ebp,edx 0x00000000024f0186: mov edx,0x17 0x00000000024f018b: call 0x00000000024c90a0 ; OopMap{off=48} ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@72 (line 83) ; {runtime_call} 0x00000000024f0190: int3 ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@72 (line 83) 0x00000000024f0191: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffffa7] # 0x00000000024f0140 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@52 (line 62) ; {section_word} 0x00000000024f0199: jmp 0x00000000024f01cb 0x00000000024f019b: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff8d] # 0x00000000024f0130 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@46 (line 60) ; {section_word} 0x00000000024f01a3: jmp 0x00000000024f01cb 0x00000000024f01a5: cmp edx,0x5 0x00000000024f01a8: je 0x00000000024f01b9 0x00000000024f01aa: cmp edx,0x5 0x00000000024f01ad: jg 0x00000000024f0184 ;*tableswitch ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56) 0x00000000024f01af: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff81] # 0x00000000024f0138 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@64 (line 66) ; {section_word} 0x00000000024f01b7: jmp 0x00000000024f01cb 0x00000000024f01b9: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff67] # 0x00000000024f0128 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@70 (line 68) ; {section_word} 0x00000000024f01c1: jmp 0x00000000024f01cb 0x00000000024f01c3: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xffffffffffffff55] # 0x00000000024f0120 ;*tableswitch ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56) ; {section_word} 0x00000000024f01cb: add rsp,0x10 0x00000000024f01cf: pop rbp 0x00000000024f01d0: test DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffdf3fe2a],eax # 0x0000000000430000 ; {poll_return} 0x00000000024f01d6: ret |
在18个案例中,程序集看起来是这样的(注意使用的指针数组并抑制所有比较的需要:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 | [Verified Entry Point] # {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1' # parm0: xmm0:xmm0 = double # parm1: rdx = int # [sp+0x20] (sp of caller) 0x000000000287fe20: mov DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax ; {no_reloc} 0x000000000287fe27: push rbp 0x000000000287fe28: sub rsp,0x10 ;*synchronization entry ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56) 0x000000000287fe2c: cmp edx,0x13 0x000000000287fe2f: jae 0x000000000287fe46 0x000000000287fe31: movsxd r10,edx 0x000000000287fe34: shl r10,0x3 0x000000000287fe38: movabs r8,0x287fd70 ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fe42: jmp QWORD PTR [r8+r10*1] ;*tableswitch ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56) 0x000000000287fe46: mov ebp,edx 0x000000000287fe48: mov edx,0x31 0x000000000287fe4d: xchg ax,ax 0x000000000287fe4f: call 0x00000000028590a0 ; OopMap{off=52} ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@202 (line 96) ; {runtime_call} 0x000000000287fe54: int3 ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@202 (line 96) 0x000000000287fe55: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe8b] # 0x000000000287fce8 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@194 (line 92) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fe5d: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fe62: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe86] # 0x000000000287fcf0 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@188 (line 90) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fe6a: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fe6f: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe81] # 0x000000000287fcf8 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@182 (line 88) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fe77: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fe7c: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe7c] # 0x000000000287fd00 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@176 (line 86) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fe84: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fe89: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe77] # 0x000000000287fd08 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@170 (line 84) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fe91: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fe96: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe72] # 0x000000000287fd10 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@164 (line 82) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fe9e: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fea0: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe70] # 0x000000000287fd18 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@158 (line 80) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fea8: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287feaa: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe6e] # 0x000000000287fd20 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@152 (line 78) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287feb2: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287feb4: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe24] # 0x000000000287fce0 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@146 (line 76) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287febc: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287febe: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe6a] # 0x000000000287fd30 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@140 (line 74) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fec6: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fec8: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe68] # 0x000000000287fd38 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@134 (line 72) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fed0: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fed2: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe66] # 0x000000000287fd40 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@128 (line 70) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287feda: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fedc: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe64] # 0x000000000287fd48 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@122 (line 68) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fee4: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fee6: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe62] # 0x000000000287fd50 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@116 (line 66) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287feee: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fef0: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe60] # 0x000000000287fd58 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@110 (line 64) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287fef8: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287fefa: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe5e] # 0x000000000287fd60 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@104 (line 62) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287ff02: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287ff04: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe5c] # 0x000000000287fd68 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@98 (line 60) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287ff0c: jmp 0x000000000287ff16 0x000000000287ff0e: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe12] # 0x000000000287fd28 ;*tableswitch ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56) ; {section_word} 0x000000000287ff16: add rsp,0x10 0x000000000287ff1a: pop rbp 0x000000000287ff1b: test DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffd9b00df],eax # 0x0000000000230000 ; {poll_return} 0x000000000287ff21: ret |
最后,具有30个事例(如下)的程序集看起来与18个事例类似,除了@chao发现的代码中间出现的附加
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 | [Verified Entry Point] # {method} 'multiplyByPowerOfTen' '(DI)D' in 'javaapplication4/Test1' # parm0: xmm0:xmm0 = double # parm1: rdx = int # [sp+0x20] (sp of caller) 0x0000000002524560: mov DWORD PTR [rsp-0x6000],eax ; {no_reloc} 0x0000000002524567: push rbp 0x0000000002524568: sub rsp,0x10 ;*synchronization entry ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@-1 (line 56) 0x000000000252456c: movapd xmm1,xmm0 0x0000000002524570: cmp edx,0x1f 0x0000000002524573: jae 0x0000000002524592 ;*tableswitch ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56) 0x0000000002524575: movsxd r10,edx 0x0000000002524578: shl r10,0x3 0x000000000252457c: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe3c] # 0x00000000025243c0 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@364 (line 118) ; {section_word} 0x0000000002524584: movabs r8,0x2524450 ; {section_word} 0x000000000252458e: jmp QWORD PTR [r8+r10*1] ;*tableswitch ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@1 (line 56) 0x0000000002524592: mov ebp,edx 0x0000000002524594: mov edx,0x31 0x0000000002524599: xchg ax,ax 0x000000000252459b: call 0x00000000024f90a0 ; OopMap{off=64} ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@370 (line 120) ; {runtime_call} 0x00000000025245a0: int3 ;*new ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@370 (line 120) 0x00000000025245a1: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe27] # 0x00000000025243d0 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@358 (line 116) ; {section_word} 0x00000000025245a9: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x00000000025245ae: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe22] # 0x00000000025243d8 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@348 (line 114) ; {section_word} 0x00000000025245b6: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x00000000025245bb: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe1d] # 0x00000000025243e0 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@338 (line 112) ; {section_word} 0x00000000025245c3: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x00000000025245c8: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe18] # 0x00000000025243e8 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@328 (line 110) ; {section_word} 0x00000000025245d0: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x00000000025245d5: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe13] # 0x00000000025243f0 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@318 (line 108) ; {section_word} 0x00000000025245dd: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x00000000025245e2: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe0e] # 0x00000000025243f8 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@308 (line 106) ; {section_word} 0x00000000025245ea: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x00000000025245ef: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe09] # 0x0000000002524400 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@298 (line 104) ; {section_word} 0x00000000025245f7: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x00000000025245fc: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe04] # 0x0000000002524408 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@288 (line 102) ; {section_word} 0x0000000002524604: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x0000000002524609: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdff] # 0x0000000002524410 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@278 (line 100) ; {section_word} 0x0000000002524611: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x0000000002524616: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdfa] # 0x0000000002524418 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@268 (line 98) ; {section_word} 0x000000000252461e: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x0000000002524623: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffd9d] # 0x00000000025243c8 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@258 (line 96) ; {section_word} 0x000000000252462b: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x0000000002524630: movapd xmm0,xmm1 0x0000000002524634: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffe0c] # 0x0000000002524448 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@242 (line 92) ; {section_word} 0x000000000252463c: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x0000000002524641: movapd xmm0,xmm1 0x0000000002524645: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffddb] # 0x0000000002524428 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@236 (line 90) ; {section_word} 0x000000000252464d: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x0000000002524652: movapd xmm0,xmm1 0x0000000002524656: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdd2] # 0x0000000002524430 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@230 (line 88) ; {section_word} 0x000000000252465e: jmp 0x0000000002524744 0x0000000002524663: movapd xmm0,xmm1 0x0000000002524667: mulsd xmm0,QWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffffffdc9] # 0x0000000002524438 ;*dmul ; - javaapplication4.Test1::multiplyByPowerOfTen@224 (line 86) ; {section_word} [etc.] 0x0000000002524744: add rsp,0x10 0x0000000002524748: pop rbp 0x0000000002524749: test DWORD PTR [rip+0xfffffffffde1b8b1],eax # 0x0000000000340000 ; {poll_return} 0x000000000252474f: ret |
如果case值被放在一个狭窄的范围内,那么switch-case会更快。
1 2 3 4 5 6 | case 1: case 2: case 3: .. .. case n: |
因为在这种情况下,编译器可以避免对switch语句中的每个case段执行比较。编译器生成一个跳转表,其中包含要在不同的分支上执行的操作的地址。对正在执行开关的值进行操作,将其转换为
正如维基百科关于switch语句在编译部分所述。
If the range of input values is identifiably 'small' and has only a
few gaps, some compilers that incorporate an optimizer may actually
implement the switch statement as a branch table or an array of
indexed function pointers instead of a lengthy series of conditional
instructions. This allows the switch statement to determine instantly
what branch to execute without having to go through a list of
comparisons.
答案在于字节码:
switchtest10.java软件
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 | public class SwitchTest10 { public static void main(String[] args) { int n = 0; switcher(n); } public static void switcher(int n) { switch(n) { case 0: System.out.println(0); break; case 1: System.out.println(1); break; case 2: System.out.println(2); break; case 3: System.out.println(3); break; case 4: System.out.println(4); break; case 5: System.out.println(5); break; case 6: System.out.println(6); break; case 7: System.out.println(7); break; case 8: System.out.println(8); break; case 9: System.out.println(9); break; case 10: System.out.println(10); break; default: System.out.println("test"); } } } |
对应的字节码;仅显示相关部分:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 | public static void switcher(int); Code: 0: iload_0 1: tableswitch{ //0 to 10 0: 60; 1: 70; 2: 80; 3: 90; 4: 100; 5: 110; 6: 120; 7: 131; 8: 142; 9: 153; 10: 164; default: 175 } |
switchtest22.java:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 | public class SwitchTest22 { public static void main(String[] args) { int n = 0; switcher(n); } public static void switcher(int n) { switch(n) { case 0: System.out.println(0); break; case 1: System.out.println(1); break; case 2: System.out.println(2); break; case 3: System.out.println(3); break; case 4: System.out.println(4); break; case 5: System.out.println(5); break; case 6: System.out.println(6); break; case 7: System.out.println(7); break; case 8: System.out.println(8); break; case 9: System.out.println(9); break; case 100: System.out.println(10); break; case 110: System.out.println(10); break; case 120: System.out.println(10); break; case 130: System.out.println(10); break; case 140: System.out.println(10); break; case 150: System.out.println(10); break; case 160: System.out.println(10); break; case 170: System.out.println(10); break; case 180: System.out.println(10); break; case 190: System.out.println(10); break; case 200: System.out.println(10); break; case 210: System.out.println(10); break; case 220: System.out.println(10); break; default: System.out.println("test"); } } } |
相应的字节码;同样,仅显示相关部分:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 | public static void switcher(int); Code: 0: iload_0 1: lookupswitch{ //23 0: 196; 1: 206; 2: 216; 3: 226; 4: 236; 5: 246; 6: 256; 7: 267; 8: 278; 9: 289; 100: 300; 110: 311; 120: 322; 130: 333; 140: 344; 150: 355; 160: 366; 170: 377; 180: 388; 190: 399; 200: 410; 210: 421; 220: 432; default: 443 } |
在第一种情况下,在窄范围内,编译后的字节码使用
在
如果有稀疏值,并且您只有一个
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 | public static void switcher(int); Code: 0: iload_0 1: tableswitch{ //0 to 21 0: 104; 1: 114; 2: 124; 3: 134; 4: 144; 5: 154; 6: 164; 7: 175; 8: 186; 9: 197; 10: 219; 11: 219; 12: 219; 13: 219; 14: 219; 15: 219; 16: 219; 17: 219; 18: 219; 19: 219; 20: 219; 21: 208; default: 219 } |
所以编译器基本上创建了这个巨大的表,其中包含间隙之间的伪条目,指向
在Java虚拟机规范(第3.10章)中定义了EDCOX1×20语句的行为:
Where the cases of the switch are sparse, the table representation of the tableswitch instruction becomes inefficient in terms of space. The lookupswitch instruction may be used instead. The lookupswitch instruction pairs int keys (the values of the case labels) with target offsets in a table. When a lookupswitch instruction is executed, the value of the expression of the switch is compared against the keys in the table. If one of the keys matches the value of the expression, execution continues at the associated target offset. If no key matches, execution continues at the default target. [...]
由于这个问题已经被回答了(或多或少),这里有一些提示。使用
1 2 3 4 5 | private static final double[] mul={1d, 10d...}; static double multiplyByPowerOfTen(final double d, final int exponent) { if (exponent<0 || exponent>=mul.length) throw new ParseException();//or just leave the IOOBE be return mul[exponent]*d; } |
该代码使用的IC(指令缓存)明显更少,并且始终是内联的。如果代码是热的,数组将在一级数据缓存中。查找表几乎总是一个胜利。(特别是微生物标记:d)
编辑:如果您希望方法是热内联的,请考虑像