关于python：在Tkinter应用程序中调用函数时创建的重复帧

Duplicate Frames Created When Calling a Function in a Tkinter Application

所以这是我第一个使用tkinter的PythonGUI项目。我来自R。

我在审阅文档后决定创建一个类来处理大部分工作。递增函数fwd()和bck()出现问题。如果我不在以下代码块中调用这些函数：

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class App:
def __init__(self, master):
....
self.total = 2
self.fwd()
self.bck()

整个代码的输出是一个空的tkinter帧。

另一方面，如果我确实调用了它们，fwd()函数的工作方式与我们预期的一样，但是每次我单击back按钮(command=bck())时，一个新的、相同的GUI将直接附加到我当前的GUI的底部。如果我再次单击后退按钮，另一个图形用户界面将在当前图形用户界面后面弹出。

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from tkinter import *
from tkinter import font
from tkinter import filedialog

class App: #I'm not typing what goes in this class, this way I can avoid issues with App(Frame), etc. DUCKTYPE!
def __init__(self, master):
self.frame = Frame(master)
self.frame.pack()
self.master = master
master.title("PyCCI Caste")
self.total = 2
self.fwd() #Need to call these at the beginning otherwise the window is minimized??? No idea why.
self.bck() #The back button creates a duplicate window...

## +Incrementer
def fwd(self):
self.total += 1
print(self.total)

## -Incrementer THIS CREATES A SECOND PANED WINDOW, WHY?!
def bck(self):
self.total += -1
if self.total < 3:
self.total = 2
print(self.total)

#Body
self.k1 = PanedWindow(self.frame, #Note: if this is not self.frame, the error: 'App' object has no attribute 'tk' is thrown
height=500,
width=750,
orient = VERTICAL)
self.k1.pack(fill=BOTH, expand = 1)
self.titlefont = font.Font(size = 12,
weight = 'bold')
self.boldfont = font.Font(size=8,
weight = 'bold')
self.textfont = font.Font(family = 'Arial',
size = 10)

#Title
self.title = PanedWindow(self.k1)
self.k1.add(self.title, padx = 10, pady = 10)
Label(self.title, text ="Chronic Critically Ill Patient GUI",
font = self.titlefont,
fg="darkslateblue").pack()

#Top row open csv window & button
self.k2 = PanedWindow(self.k1)
self.k1.add(self.k2)
self.openbutton = Button(self.k2,
text ="Open CSV")#, command = openfile())
self.openbutton.pack(side = LEFT,
padx = 30)

#Panes below buttons
self.k3 = PanedWindow(self.k1)
self.k1.add(self.k3)
self.leftpane = PanedWindow(self.k3)
self.k3.add(self.leftpane,
width = 400,
padx = 30,
pady = 25,
stretch ="first")
self.separator = PanedWindow(self.k3,
relief = SUNKEN)
self.k3.add(self.separator,
width=2,
padx=1,
pady=20)
self.rightpane = PanedWindow(self.k3)
self.k3.add(self.rightpane,
width = 220,
padx = 10,
pady = 25,
stretch ="never")

#Left pane patient note text frame doo-diddly
self.ptframe = LabelFrame(self.leftpane,
text ="Medical Record",
font = self.boldfont,
padx = 0,
pady=0,
borderwidth = 0)
self.ptframe.pack()
Label(self.ptframe,
text ="patient # of ##").pack()

#Incrementer buttons
self.buttonframe = Frame(self.ptframe)
self.buttonframe.pack()
self.buttonframe.place(relx=0.97, anchor = NE)
#Back Button
self.button1 = Button(self.buttonframe, text = 'Back', width = 6, command = self.bck)
self.button1.grid(row = 0, column = 0, padx = 2, pady = 2)
#Next Button
self.button2 = Button(self.buttonframe, text = 'Next', width = 6, command = self.fwd)
self.button2.grid(row = 0, column = 2, padx = 2, pady = 2)

#Scrollbar!
self.ptscroll = Scrollbar(self.ptframe)
self.ptscroll.pack(side = RIGHT, fill = Y)
self.pttext = Text(self.ptframe,
height=300,
width=400,
wrap=WORD,
font=self.textfont,
spacing1=2,
spacing2=2,
spacing3=3,
padx=15,
pady=15)
self.pttext.pack()
self.ptscroll.config(command=self.pttext.yview)
self.pttext.config(yscrollcommand=self.ptscroll.set)

#Checkbuttons
self.checkframe = LabelFrame(self.rightpane, text="Indicators",
font=self.boldfont,
padx = 10,
pady = 10,
borderwidth=0)
self.checkframe.pack()
self.check1 = Checkbutton(self.checkframe, text="Non-Adherence")
self.check1.grid(row = 1,
column = 0,
sticky = W)

root = Tk()
app = App(root) ## apply the class"App" to Tk()

### Menu stuff does not need to be part of the class
menubar = Menu(root)
filemenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
filemenu.add_command(label="Open CSV")#, command=openfile)
menubar.add_cascade(label="File", menu=filemenu)
helpmenu = Menu(menubar, tearoff=0)
helpmenu.add_command(label="About")#, command=about)
menubar.add_cascade(label="Help", menu=helpmenu)
root.config(menu=menubar)
root.mainloop()

你们觉得怎么样？如果我这里没有任何相关信息，请告诉我。我遇到的困难是，我还不知道关于python/tkinter我还不知道什么。

谢谢，我真的很欣赏你的洞察力和方向。

解决方法(感谢Bryan Oakley&Tigerhawkt3)：由于Python使用缩进作为其语法的一部分，我创建了一个函数bck()，当调用该函数时，它包含整个GUI其余部分的代码。在被指出之后，为了解决这个问题，我主要从以下方面入手：python def函数：如何指定函数的结尾？